U.S. States Spending the Most on Welfare

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In its first year, the Biden Administration has embarked on an aggressive domestic agenda intended to offer a variety of economic support to lower and middle-class Americans. The American Rescue Plan, passed in March, included direct payments to U.S. households, new investments into safety net programs like food stamps and unemployment, and increases to the Earned Income Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit.

The Biden Administration followed this just a few weeks later with two proposals, the American Jobs Plan and the American Families Plan, which would dramatically scale up federal spending on a variety of programs for infrastructure, job creation, education, child care, health, food assistance, and tax relief.

Biden’s agenda has prioritized a strong role for the federal government, in offering financial support to needy Americans and creating pathways to the middle class.

This agenda would represent a new chapter for the U.S. welfare state, building beyond the New Deal programs introduced in the 1930s and the Great Society programs enacted in the 1960s. These earlier programs created a wide-ranging role for the government in protecting disadvantaged citizens from economic harm.

Public welfare now encompasses a variety of federal, state, and local programs. The term includes federal programs like Social Security and TANF, which offer direct assistance to eligible populations, Medicaid and Medicare, which offer healthcare to low-income and elderly populations, unemployment insurance, and other important support.

Because these programs are typically based on demographic and economic factors, they have grown with shifts in the population and economy over time. According to the Census Bureau, in the last 20 years alone, state and local welfare spending has more than tripled in nominal dollars, rising from $233 billion nationally in 2000 to $743 billion in 2019.

As a share of total spending, welfare spending has risen from 13.4% of state and local budgets at the start of the millennium to 18.8% in 2019. But even on a per capita basis, spending is up nearly 180% over that span.

And in comparison to other budget items, public welfare is now the single largest category of expenditure in state and local budgets.

Welfare spending totals $743 billion, narrowly topping elementary and secondary education spending ($717 billion) and running far ahead of other categories like higher education, highways, and protective services.

While the role of state and local government in welfare spending has grown everywhere, some states invest more than others in welfare programs. There are a variety of reasons why this is the case.

For one, states with more liberal politics may choose to invest a greater amount in social safety net programs, which is why many coastal states have greater per-capita welfare spending, led by New York at $4,094.

Another source of disparities between states is their underlying population or economic characteristics. For instance, states like Arkansas, West Virginia, and Kentucky all spend more than a quarter of their budgets on welfare spending, which is likely due to the fact that they have greater populations of low-income residents who are eligible for state-administered federal assistance programs like TANF or Medicaid.

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To determine the states spending the most on public welfare, researchers at Commodity.com calculated total state and local welfare spending per person using the most recent data available from the U.S. Census Bureau. Public welfare spending includes cash assistance payments, vendor payments, and other uncategorized payments administered by state and local governments.

Here are the states spending the most on welfare.

U.S. States Spending the Most on Welfare Per Capita

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15. Maine

State & local welfare spending per capita: $2,615
State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 25.6%
Total state & local welfare spending: $3,530,545,000
Cash assistance payments: $51,375,000
Vendor payments: $2,473,329,000
Other public welfare: $1,005,841,000

14. Kentucky

State & local welfare spending per capita: $2,640
State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 25.3%
Total state & local welfare spending: $11,820,221,000
Cash assistance payments: $171,832,000
Vendor payments: $10,704,128,000
Other public welfare: $944,261,000

Photo Credit: Paul Brady Photography / Shutterstock

13. Delaware

State & local welfare spending per capita: $2,681
State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 20.5%
Total state & local welfare spending: $2,645,564,000
Cash assistance payments: $36,586,000
Vendor payments: $2,276,331,000
Other public welfare: $332,647,000

12. West Virginia

State & local welfare spending per capita: $2,708
State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 25.7%
Total state & local welfare spending: $4,832,936,000
Cash assistance payments: $49,058,000
Vendor payments: $4,083,045,000
Other public welfare: $700,833,000

11. Louisiana

State & local welfare spending per capita: $2,723
State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 24.8%
Total state & local welfare spending: $12,647,298,000
Cash assistance payments: $27,185,000
Vendor payments: $11,793,321,000
Other public welfare: $826,792,000

10. Pennsylvania

State & local welfare spending per capita: $2,787
State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 22.3%
Total state & local welfare spending: $35,628,431,000
Cash assistance payments: $1,591,270,000
Vendor payments: $28,550,353,000
Other public welfare: $5,486,808,000

9. Oregon

State & local welfare spending per capita: $2,861
State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 20.1%
Total state & local welfare spending: $12,135,117,000
Cash assistance payments: $255,356,000
Vendor payments: $7,309,385,000
Other public welfare: $4,570,376,000

8. Vermont

State & local welfare spending per capita: $2,988
State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 21.5%
Total state & local welfare spending: $1,862,528,000
Cash assistance payments: $20,775,000
Vendor payments: $1,164,720,000
Other public welfare: $677,033,000

7. New Mexico

State & local welfare spending per capita: $3,003
State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 24.2%
Total state & local welfare spending: $6,324,770,000
Cash assistance payments: $54,620,000
Vendor payments: $5,821,877,000
Other public welfare: $448,273,000

6. Minnesota

State & local welfare spending per capita: $3,012
State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 23.6%
Total state & local welfare spending: $17,039,955,000
Cash assistance payments: $710,269,000
Vendor payments: $13,688,638,000
Other public welfare: $2,641,049,000

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5. Rhode Island

State & local welfare spending per capita: $3,107
State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 24.0%
Total state & local welfare spending: $3,284,006,000
Cash assistance payments: $21,856,000
Vendor payments: $2,960,598,000
Other public welfare: $301,552,000

Photo Credit: Andriy Blokhin / Shutterstock

4. California

State & local welfare spending per capita: $3,403
State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 21.1%
Total state & local welfare spending: $133,978,520,000
Cash assistance payments: $6,917,786,000
Vendor payments: $108,643,810,000
Other public welfare: $18,416,924,000

3. Massachusetts

State & local welfare spending per capita: $3,574
State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 25.0%
Total state & local welfare spending: $24,639,146,000
Cash assistance payments: $529,154,000
Vendor payments: $22,154,310,000
Other public welfare: $1,955,682,000

Photo Credit: Marcus Biastock / Shutterstock

2. Alaska

State & local welfare spending per capita: $3,811
State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 18.6%
Total state & local welfare spending: $2,786,410,000
Cash assistance payments: $119,053,000
Vendor payments: $2,323,495,000
Other public welfare: $343,862,000

Photo Credit: Victor Moussa / Shutterstock

1. New York

State & local welfare spending per capita: $4,094
State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 21.0%
Total state & local welfare spending: $79,165,215,000
Cash assistance payments: $2,589,581,000
Vendor payments: $65,848,681,000
Other public welfare: $10,726,953,000

Detailed Findings & Methodology

The data used in this analysis is from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances and the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, covering data from 2019.

To determine the states spending the most on public welfare, researchers calculated total state and local welfare spending per person using the most recent data available.

Public welfare spending includes cash assistance payments, vendor payments, and other uncategorized payments administered by state and local governments.

A full list of definitions from the survey can be found here.